FREE QUOTE CALL OR TEXT
0424 408 330
We Will Beat All Quotes By Up To 10%*
No Call Out Fee Conditions apply*
GET YOUR JOB BOOKED IN AND FINISHED TODAY !!
Vinyl Flooring Removal
Our Dust-Free Vinyl Flooring Removal service includes the whole package, we’ll come to your property, Remove Your Vinyl Flooring, and Concrete Grind all glue residue on your concrete slab.
So that you have a clean floor ready for re-installation of any flooring system. Then our team will take any waste out to our truck for disposal and sweep up and vacuum any remaining mess and dust on site. So that you don’t have to deal with any of the frustration of hiring a skip bin.
At Dust-Free Vinyl Flooring Removal Sydney we use high-powered commercial dust extractors connected directly to our commercial concrete grinders as well as a dust extraction system connected to our demolition hammers to achieve the highest quality results for our clients while Removing Vinyl Floor Tiles and maintain a virtually Dust-Free environment*
– Vinyl Plank Flooring Removal
– Vinyl Sheet Flooring Removal
– Vinyl Tile Flooring Removal
– We Do It All!
We Will Beat All Of Our Competitor’s Quotes By Up To 10%*
We Will NEVER… EVER Be Beaten On Price At Vinyl Flooring Removal Sydney
We Also Offer MASSIVE DISCOUNTS Off Our Normal Advertised Prices If You Have A Large Job!
Dust-Free (Will The Job Be 100% Dust-Free?)
No, The Job Will Not Be 100% Dust-Free. BUT!
How Do We Achieve A Almost 90 – 99% Dust-Free Demolition and Concrete Grinding Experience For Our Clients Free Of Charge?
We will grind your concrete slab with the use of high-powered Concrete Grinding equipment that is connected directly to a high-powered commercial dust extractor.
We will also perform demolition services with the use of high-powered commercial dust extraction equipment plugged directly into our tools.
But unfortunately, small amounts of dust are still produced and cannot be completely eliminated even with the most expensive high-end equipment and the latest technology. It should also be noted that certain equipment such as Jackhammers has a harder time trying to contain the dust even with the use of high-end dust extractors. While Concrete Grinders are able to contain dust a lot easier. (Roughly 90 – 99.99% of the dust is still sucked up by a 3-engine high-powered commercial dust extractor that is plugged directly into the equipment) but sometimes a small amount of dust still escapes.
If you are concerned about the small amounts of dust that may possibly get into areas that we are not working in such as the kitchens, bathrooms, cabinets, etc. we would advise that you seal off those areas that we are not working in with plastic and sticky tape before our team arrives to avoid delays.
Get A Better Understanding Of Just How Powerful Our DustMaster DM-2680-H Dust Extractor Is
Dustmaster® series dust extractors have been specially designed to handle demands of the concrete grinding industry which has high loading fine dust.
This is the H-Class (or often referred to as HEPA) Dust extractor that is certified to handle hazardous dust. These amazing dust collectors have been certified to capture up to 99.99% of the dust.
Dust extraction in our industry is often more important than the actual grinding itself. Without it, we could breathe the fine dust which could be detrimental to our health.
– Featuring dual 10A motors, maximum performance is ensured. The longopac bagging system makes handling and disposal of hazardous dust much easier.
– Performance is maintained by the rotary filter cleaning mechanism which automatically cleans the filter during operation.
– This machine has a single durable toggle switch for each motor.
– A deep clean is achieved while running whilst the motor is turned off. The rotary filter cleaning can be turned off when the DustMaster is not in use, using the rotary switch on the front panel.
– H-Class (H13) dust extractors must pass the 0.3µm DOP test that certifies they capture no less than 99.99% of the dust.
– The rotary filter cleaning system is very effective and takes only 10-20 seconds to deep clean the filter. You may never have to remove the filter to clean it again, keeping your job and your hand’s cleaner!
– You won’t find a better piece of equipment to handle your job, this is the most high-end piece of equipment that we can use for your job. The next level up would require a 15A power supply which would require you to supply us a generator on-site as residential power only has 10A.
How Much Does It Cost To Remove Vinyl?
Here at Remove Vinyl Sydney, we offer a service of Remove Vinyl Flooring at a cost of $9 – $19 per square metre*. Vinyl Planks, Vinyl Sheets, and Vinyl Tiles are all priced at $9 – $19 per square metre* to remove, the prices only vary due to the size of the job.
SINGLE LAYER:
$9 – $19 per square metre to remove vinyl tiles, vinyl planks, or vinyl sheets that were glued to the floor.
(This does not include concrete grinding or floor sanding)
MULTIPLE LAYERS:
$9 – $19 per square metre to remove LAYER #1 + $10 per square metre to remove any additional layers.
(Vinyl Flooring may sometimes have multiple layers as it was common for Vinyl layers to just install new Vinyl over the old layer rather than removing it and installing the new layers)
VINYL WITH UNDERLAY:
$35 per square metre to remove vinyl that has underlay. Such as masonite, chipboard, MDF, etc.
(This includes the cost to remove the underlay also)
How Do I Find Out If My Vinyl Contains Asbestos Or Not?
To find out if your vinyl contains asbestos or not, you can do the following:
– Try to find a brand name (which is normally printed on the back of the vinyl if you can lift it)
– Try to find the year it was produced (which is normally printed on the back of the vinyl if you can lift it)
– Send a small sample of the vinyl to a lab for testing (airsafe.net.au)
– Look at the backing of the vinyl to see if it has a fibrous look
– It should also be noted that some adhesives that were used may also contain asbestos (most commonly a black look adhesive)
CONTACT AIRSAFE.NET.AU if your Vinyl was installed from the 1920s – 1980s to have a sample tested for Asbestos.
NOTE: WE DO NOT OFFER A SERVICE TO REMOVE ASBESTOS
https://www.carpetremovalsydney.com.au/asbestos-warning/
– Asbestos exposure can be a health risk. It is estimated that 4,000 Australians die each year from asbestos-related diseases.
– Working with Vinyl Asbestos tiles will release toxic dust and fibers into the air. Lack of awareness in the past has led to many workers suffering from terrible diseases today such as mesothelioma and asbestosis.
– Vinyl Asbestos Flooring is generally safe to be around. But that changes as soon as you decide to remove it or if the floor system becomes damaged.
– Old vinyl asbestos products that contain Asbestos remain in many buildings across Australia, creating a hazard for contractors and do-it-yourself renovators.
– Often vinyl flooring may have multiple layers installed on top of each other. It’s not uncommon for a previous homeowner, DIY home renovator, or tradie to install a new layer on top of the old layer to save time and money. The layers underneath that are older may contain Asbestos.
– People who also try to DIY Remove Vinyl themselves often forget that even if the vinyl itself doesn’t have asbestos in it that the glue can also, so without professionally removing it your creating a future hazard for yourself and expose yourself to asbestos in the glue that was used to lay your Vinyl Flooring
Vinyl Tile Asbestos Flooring is 100 percent synthetic material. In standard Vinyl tiles, the base layer is usually fiberglass which is then coated in PVC vinyl and a plasticizer. The resulting sheet is printed and embossed with a surface print layer Over this, one or more wear layers are applied, often a tough layer of “no-wax” polyurethane.
Although sometimes vinyl tiles can contain Asbestos. Vinyl has been a popular choice for flooring and wallpaper throughout the modern era, and many vinyl building materials manufactured before 1980 had asbestos mixed in to increase their durability, especially vinyl tiles. Vinyl is a plastic resin manufactured from ethylene and chlorine.
– Workers must take many precautions to Remove Vinyl Asbestos Tiles safely as well as safely dispose of them.
– It is illegal to remove asbestos products without a CLASS A + CLASS B + SUPERVISOR LICENSE in Asbestos Removal.
– It is always safest to leave Vinyl Asbestos Tile removal to qualified professionals who are licensed by the Australian government to remove them.
Will I Need Your Concrete Grinding Services After You Remove My Vinyl?
Yes, Once our team has removed your vinyl you will see either a glue residue that will need to be ground off your concrete using a concrete grinder. Or sanded off your timber floor by hiring a floor sander (unfortunately we don’t offer a floor sanding service)
It should be noted that it’s not uncommon for vinyl glues to contain asbestos.
The only time you won’t need concrete grinding is if they have laid vinyl on top of an underlay such as masonite sheeting, MDF boards, chipboard, etc. Which has been stapled, screwed, or nailed into a timber floor.
Click here to view our Concrete Grinding page for more information
What Equipment Does Our Team Use?
Do I Need To Hire A Skip Bin?
No, Other vinyl removal contractors and vinyl removal companies regardless of job size will make you hire a skip bin which will cost a huge amount ($375 – $1,000+). Which will have to sit in your front yard for days while you deal with the annoyance of organising it and the large cost of the whole process.
Here at vinyl removal Sydney, we come in, remove your vinyl flooring, as well as grind down any Vinyl Glue Residue, than our team will sweep and vacuum your property to clean up any dust!
Then once we are finished, we will also take all the waste to a local resource management center for you (Recycling whenever possible) which will be far cheaper than you having to hire a skip bin and dealing with the frustration of that whole process! (On average our clients save 60% on disposal of waste charges)
Do I Need To Turn Off My Air-con & Fire Alarms?
Yes, While we are grinding your concrete and removing your vinyl with vinyl strippers, although we do try to keep the dust to an absolute minimum through various methods such as dust extraction units or wet grinding. Dust still may occur, so it is important that you turn off air conditioning units and isolate, switch off and cover your fire alarms as dust will set them off.
Do You Offer Free Quotes With A Price Beat Guarantee?
– We will beat all of our competitor’s quotes by up to 10%*
– We also offer FREE quotes & site inspections
– We will NEVER be beaten on price at vinyl removal Sydney
How Do I Work Out How Much My Job Will Cost?
To work out how much your job will cost simply measure the length and width of the area that you need vinyl removed from, then head over to our square metre calculator page HERE.
Once you have worked out how many square metres of vinyl you need to be removed, the next step is to work out what your subfloor is. (Is it concrete? Or is it wood?)
If you have a concrete subfloor you will also require concrete grinding after we remove your vinyl. Head over to our concrete grinding page to find out more information HERE.
If you have a wood subfloor you will also require floor sanding after we remove your vinyl. Unfortunately, we don’t currently offer a floor sanding service. So if you have a wood subfloor you will have to find another company to sand it after we have removed the vinyl.
The final step to working out how much your job is going to cost is to understand how your vinyl was installed.
List Of Different Vinyl Installation Methods
Vinyl Flooring installed from the 1920s – 1980s may Contain ASBESTOS – Vinyl that contains ASBESTOS will not be removed by Carpet Removal Sydney. Please make sure that you get your Vinyl Flooring tested for ASBESTOS prior to asking for a quote if your Vinyl Flooring has been installed during those dates. It should also be noted that if you have multiple layers of Vinyl Flooring you must get all layers tested for ASBESTOS unless you can confirm a date of when the other layers have been installed.
SINGLE LAYER:
– The classic Vinyl Installation Method – One single layer of Vinyl Planks, Tiles, or Sheets.
MULTIPLE LAYERS:
– Vinyl Flooring may sometimes have multiple layers as it was common for Vinyl layers to just install new Vinyl over the old layer rather than removing it and installing the new layers)
VINYL WITH UNDERLAY:
– Vinyl may sometimes have underlay. Such as masonite, chipboard, MDF, etc.
What Is The Difference Between Vinyl And Lino?
Linoleum (also known as “Lino”) floors are made of natural materials. Solidified linseed oil, pine rosin, ground cork dust, wood flour, and mineral fillers are all brought together to build the base and foundation of the material.
Vinyl Planks, Vinyl Sheets, and Vinyl Tiles flooring, on the other hand, is a synthetic floor composed mostly of PVC and other additives. Vinyl is petroleum-based (a non-renewable resource).
Can You Work Over Night? Are There Any Additional Charges?
Yes, our team can work Any Day, Anytime, 24 Hours A Day, 7 Days A Week, 365 Days Of The Year at any time that suits our clients.
If you have time restrictions, noise restrictions or any other restriction or deadlines we can make sure that we can fit into your schedule to make sure that your job is completed in the time frame needed while still maintaining the highest quality of work standards at any time that you desire with NO additional charges!
Can You Remove Vinyl Flooring That Has A Kitchen Built On Top Of It?
Yes, If your kitchen has been built on top of your vinyl, you must first remove your kickboards, minor damage may still occur. But you can prevent this by protecting your kitchen by buying thick protective sheets or boards to attach temporarily to your cupboards to avoid accidental damage during the demolition and concrete grinding process.
So Why Choose Our Team At Vinyl Flooring Removal Sydney For Your Project?
Every year here at Carpet Removal Sydney our team removes tens of thousands of square metres of flooring systems. So as you can imagine they run into every issue you can imagine. As the flooring system they encounter are all installed different ways and we also offer such a large range of services.
So as you can imagine our team is quite experienced in the services we offer and know how to handle any issue that we may come across on any flooring removal project. Giving our customers the peace of mind knowing that they have a highly experienced team doing their job.
– Free Quote & Measure For Every Job!
– Over 150 Flawless Reviews & Testimonials!
– Combine Multiple Services To Save Money!
– Proudly 100% Australian Owned & Operated!
– 100% Licensed & Insured Flooring Specialists!
– 35+ Years Experience Specializing In Flooring!
– 24/7 – 365 Service Available At No Extra Charge!
– Up-Front Pricing, Lowest Prices & No Hidden Costs*
– Fully Qualified & In-House Trained Specialists Team!
– Found A Cheaper Price? We, Will, Beat It Every Time*
– There Is A Highly Trained On-Site Supervisor On Every Job!
– We Use The Latest Dust Extraction Equipment Free Of Charge*
– All Floors Are Left Clean, Smooth, And Ready For Reinstallation*
FREE QUOTE CALL OR TEXT 0424 408 330
We’ll Beat All Quotes By Up To 10%*, No Call Out Fee Conditions apply*
GET YOUR JOB BOOKED IN AND FINISHED TODAY !!
FREE PRICE BEAT GUARANTEE
QUOTE
We’ll Beat ALL Quotes By Up To 10%
Conditions apply. *Cannot be used in conjunction with any other offer.
Vinyl Floor Removal
Vinyl Floor Removal
Vinyl Flooring Removal Sydney
Vinyl Flooring is extensively used because it is water-impervious, fairly durable, adjustably resilient and insulating, easy to install, available with a variety of appearances, and inexpensive. However, Vinyl Flooring has environmental concerns in manufacturing, use, and disposal.
Vinyl Flooring decomposes and releases toxic gasses, mostly hydrogen chloride, long before bursting into flames. This can kill fire victims and firefighters working without an SCBA. Vinyl fires are also hard to extinguish, due to the impermeability of Vinyl.
If you want to refurbish your home or renovate your business’s workspace. Vinyl Flooring can make it extremely difficult and should be removed before attempting to relay a new flooring system.
The best thing for you to do is to get your Vinyl Flooring professionally removed before replacing it with a more substantial, sturdy surface. By getting it professionally removed you can ensure that the job will be completed in a safe and fast manner by our team at Vinyl Removal Sydney.
At Vinyl Removal Sydney, we offer a service to Remove Your Vinyl in a safe manner our team of professionals has years of experience in Vinyl Flooring Removal. We use high-quality, safety equipment and specialized tools to get the best results when completing the task of removing the Vinyl Flooring. We will be able to Remove The Vinyl Flooring in a safe and efficient manner while making sure that is completed within a reasonable time frame.
– We are a fully insured business with worker’s compensation, insured for public liability and all employees have white card health and safety and covid vaccinations.
– Our highly trained staff will always work in a safe and efficient manner while using high-quality Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Dust Extraction Equipment.
What Is The Cost To Remove Vinyl
$9 – $19 Per Square Meter*
Here at Remove Vinyl Sydney, we offer a service of Remove Vinyl Flooring at a cost of $9 – $19 per square metre*. Vinyl Planks, Vinyl Sheets, and Vinyl Tiles are all priced at $9 – $19 Per Square Metre to remove, the prices only vary due to the size of the job.
SINGLE LAYER:
$9 – $19 per square metre to remove vinyl tiles, vinyl planks, or vinyl sheets that were glued to the floor.
(This does not include concrete grinding or floor sanding)
MULTIPLE LAYERS:
$9 – $19 per square metre to remove LAYER #1 + $10 per square metre to remove any additional layers.
(Vinyl Flooring may sometimes have multiple layers as it was common for Vinyl layers to just install new Vinyl over the old layer rather than removing it and installing the new layers)
VINYL WITH UNDERLAY:
$35 per square metre to remove vinyl that has underlay. Such as masonite, chipboard, MDF, etc.
(This includes the cost to remove the underlay also)
Why Do I Need A Professional To Remove Vinyl?
It is always recommended to get a professional, licensed team in to Remove Vinyl from your property due to the potential health hazards such as Vinyl Tile Asbestos a lot of people try to Remove Vinyl themselves without realising the potential health risks that it is having to them without the proper PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and the correct tools to get the job done safely. It is always recommended to leave Vinyl Flooring Removal up to a professional especially if you are unsure if it may contain asbestos.
People who also try to DIY Remove Vinyl themselves often forget that even if the vinyl itself doesn’t have asbestos in it that the glue can also, so without professionally removing it your creating a future hazard for yourself and expose yourself to asbestos in the glue that was used to lay your Vinyl Flooring
Book your job now to Remove Vinyl from your property safely with a price-beat guarantee on all quotes!
How Do I Check If My Vinyl Flooring Has Asbestos?
To find out if your vinyl contains asbestos or not, you can do the following:
– Try to find a brand name (which is normally printed on the back of the vinyl if you can lift it)
– Try to find the year it was produced (which is normally printed on the back of the vinyl if you can lift it)
– Send a small sample of the vinyl to a lab for testing (airsafe.net.au)
– Look at the backing of the vinyl to see if it has a fibrous look
– It should also be noted that some adhesives that were used may also contain asbestos (most commonly a black look adhesive)
CONTACT AIRSAFE.NET.AU if your Vinyl was installed from the 1920s – 1980s to have a sample tested for ASBESTOS.
NOTE: WE DO NOT OFFER A SERVICE TO REMOVE ASBESTOS
https://www.carpetremovalsydney.com.au/asbestos-warning/
– Asbestos exposure can be a health risk. It is estimated that 4,000 Australians die each year from asbestos-related diseases.
– Working with Vinyl Asbestos tiles will release toxic dust and fibers into the air. Lack of awareness in the past has led to many workers suffering from terrible diseases today such as mesothelioma and asbestosis.
– Vinyl Asbestos Flooring is generally safe to be around. But that changes as soon as you decide to remove it or if the floor system becomes damaged.
– Old vinyl asbestos products that contain Asbestos remain in many buildings across Australia, creating a hazard for contractors and do-it-yourself renovators.
– Often vinyl flooring may have multiple layers installed on top of each other. It’s not uncommon for a previous homeowner, DIY home renovator, or tradie to install a new layer on top of the old layer to save time and money. The layers underneath that are older may contain Asbestos.
– People who also try to DIY Remove Vinyl themselves often forget that even if the vinyl itself doesn’t have asbestos in it that the glue can also, so without professionally removing it your creating a future hazard for yourself and expose yourself to asbestos in the glue that was used to lay your Vinyl Flooring
Vinyl Tile Asbestos Flooring is 100 percent synthetic material. In standard Vinyl tiles, the base layer is usually fiberglass which is then coated in PVC vinyl and a plasticizer. The resulting sheet is printed and embossed with a surface print layer Over this, one or more wear layers are applied, often a tough layer of “no-wax” polyurethane.
Although sometimes vinyl tiles can contain Asbestos. Vinyl has been a popular choice for flooring and wallpaper throughout the modern era, and many vinyl building materials manufactured before 1980 had asbestos mixed in to increase their durability, especially vinyl tiles. Vinyl is a plastic resin manufactured from ethylene and chlorine.
– Workers must take many precautions to Remove Vinyl Asbestos Tiles safely as well as safely dispose of them.
– It is illegal to remove asbestos products without a CLASS A + CLASS B + SUPERVISOR LICENSE in Asbestos Removal.
– It is always safest to leave Vinyl Asbestos Tile removal to qualified professionals who are licensed by the Australian government to remove them.
Removal Of Vinyl Flooring
Removal Of Vinyl Flooring – (Vinyl Sheet, Vinyl Tiles, and Vinyl Planks are our team’s specialty, our team will come and remove all forms of vinyl floor coverings no matter old and well stuck they are to your subfloor. Removal Of Old Vinyl Flooring can be a nightmare and it can be extremely frustrating to Remove Vinyl Flooring however with our specialized equipment, we can take this issue off your hands. Once the old vinyl has been removed we can then offer you a Dust-Free Concrete Grinding service so that your floor is clean of any vinyl glue residue using our Dust-Free Concrete Grinder.
Prices can vary quite a lot from company to company regarding Dust-Free Vinyl Flooring Removal costs, here at Dust-Free Vinyl Flooring Removal Sydney we guarantee that we will always be upfront with pricing, with no hidden extras. Other companies regardless of job size will make you hire a skip bin ($375-$1,000+) which will have to sit in your front yard for days while you deal with the annoyance of organising it and the large cost of the whole process.
Here at Dust-Free Vinyl Floor Removal Sydney our team will come in, remove all your Vinyl Flooring, sweep and vacuum your property once we are finished as well as take all the rubbish to a local resource management centre for you (Recycling whenever possible) which will be far cheaper than you having to hire a skip bin and dealing with the frustration of that whole process!
What Is Vinyl Flooring?
Vinyl Flooring is 100 percent synthetic material. In standard Vinyl Sheet and Vinyl Tiles, the base layer is usually fiberglass which is then coated in PVC vinyl and a plasticizer. The resulting sheet is printed and embossed with a surface print layer. Over this, one or more wear layers are applied, often a tough layer of “no-wax” polyurethane.
The top wear layer is a finish (such as urethane) that protects floors from scratches and stains. Next is the image layer, which can look like hardwood or stone, or a pattern or solid colour. Some Vinyl Floors have a texture that matches the image, making wood and stone styles look and feel a lot like the real thing.
The core determines how dent- and water-resistant a Vinyl product is. Depending on the product, the core may also add rigidity. Some Vinyl Flooring feels flexible before you install it (like a Vinyl Sheet, which comes in a roll) and some feel much firmer (like rigid core products, where Vinyl Planks or Vinyl Tiles snap together). On some Vinyl Flooring products, there is an attached underlayment. This can add cushion and make floors quieter underfoot.
What Is Vinyl Sheet Flooring?
Vinyl Sheet Flooring is 100 percent synthetic material. In standard Sheet Vinyl, the base layer is usually fiberglass which is then coated in PVC Vinyl and a plasticizer. The resulting sheet is printed and embossed with a surface print layer.
Over this, one or more wear layers are applied, often a tough layer of “no-wax” polyurethane. Vinyl sheet floor is completely impermeable to water, unlike Vinyl Floor Tiles, which come in stiff tiles, and Vinyl Planks, which come in interlocking strips.
What Is Vinyl Plank Flooring?
Vinyl Plank Flooring, also called Luxury Vinyl Flooring, is also 100 percent synthetic, but in these products, the core layer is a thicker, multi-layer PVC Vinyl. Luxury Vinyl comes in Planks or Tiles.
Laminate Flooring is similar to luxury Vinyl Plank Flooring in its look and installation, but the critical difference is that the surface is a hard plastic laminate with a printed design layer, while the core layer is rigid fiberboard, a product made from wood byproducts bonded together with melamine resins. The overall thickness for laminate planks ranges from 6 mm to 12 mm.
The overall thickness for Vinyl ranges from 1.5 mm for Sheet Vinyl to 5 mm for Luxury Vinyl Planks, making these products decidedly thinner than most Laminate Flooring.
What Is Vinyl Tile Flooring?
Vinyl Tile Flooring is 100 percent synthetic material. In standard Vinyl Tile Flooring, the base layer is usually fiberglass which is then coated in PVC vinyl and a plasticizer. The resulting sheet is printed and embossed with a surface print layer Over this, one or more wear layers are applied, often a tough layer of “no-wax” polyurethane. Although Vinyl Tiles may contain Asbestos.
How Much Does It Cost To Remove Vinyl Sheet Flooring?
$9 – $19 Per Square Meter*
Vinyl Sheet Flooring Removal will cost $9 – $19 Per Square Metre* to remove depending on:
– What level is the property on?
– Access to the site (Stairwell? Lift?)
– The size of your job (Total square metres?)
– What the subfloor is (Concrete or TImber?)
How Much Does It Cost To Remove Vinyl Tile Flooring?
$9 – $19 Per Square Meter*
Vinyl Tile Flooring Removal will cost $9 – $19 Per Square Metre* to remove depending on:
– What level is the property on?
– Access to the site (Stairwell? Lift?)
– The size of your job (Total square metres?)
– What the subfloor is (Concrete or TImber?)